English
GBP
Language
Currency
Contents

Detailed History of Edinburgh Castle Timeline, Events & More

Edinburgh Castle should be at the top of your list if you plan a trip to Scotland's capital. This historic fortress is an iconic symbol of Edinburgh and a repository of Scotland's rich history, making it a must-visit attraction for history enthusiasts and tourists alike.

Edinburgh Castle timeline

  • c. 1000: Maidens' Castle is built on Castle Rock and is believed to be the site of the current Edinburgh Castle.
  • 1093 CE: Queen Margaret's passing adds historical importance to the castle, especially after she is declared a saint posthumously.
  • 1124-1153 CE: King David I makes Edinburgh a seat of royal power. He commissions the construction of St Margaret's Chapel to remember his mother.
  • 1296 CE: Edward I invades Scotland during the First War of Scottish Independence and the castle comes under English control. Legal records and royal treasures were moved to England.
  • 1314 CE: England's control over the castle weakens after Edward I's death and the castle's demolition is ordered by Robert the Bruce to prevent its reoccupation by the English.
  • 1333-1341 CE: After Bruce's death, Edward III invaded Scotland again in 1333 and reoccupied and refortified the castle in 1335 until 1341.
  • 1341 CE: Sir William Douglas takes the castle back from English forces.
  • 1367-1379 CE: David II rebuilt the castle as his principal seat of the government and commissioned the construction of David's Tower. Later, Constable's Tower is also built.
  • 1440 CE: After the 'Black Dinner' incident at David's Tower that killed several guests, King James II ordered the execution of the 16-year-old Earl of Douglas and his younger brother at the castle.
  • 1571-1573 CE: The English army captured the castle during the Lang Seige and hostilities ended two years later. Sir William Drury and his troops bombard the castle destroying the south wall of David's Tower.
  • 1639 CE: Presbyterian Covenanters, led by Alexander Leslie, captured Edinburgh Castle after a short siege.
  • 1650 CE: Oliver Cromwell launches an attack on Scotland and the Covenanters and besieges the castle.
  • 1756-1815 CE: Edinburgh Castle is used as a prison of war to hold prisoners of war during several conflicts, including the Seven Years' War, the American War of Independence, and the Napoleonic Wars.
  • 1991: The castle was passed into the care of Historic Scotland when it was established and was designated a Scheduled Ancient Monument in 1993.

Edinburgh Castle history explained

Edinburgh Castle Early origins

Early origins

Around 100 CE, Edinburgh Castle's foundations were laid atop Castle Rock, a strategic perch that would define Scotland's history. With its commanding views, this hilltop fort was a guardian of the realm. Its elevated position provided clear advantages in surveillance and defense, transforming it into an essential defensive bastion.

St. Margaret's Chapel at the Edinburgh Castle

Saint Margaret's legacy

During the 11th century, Edinburgh Castle witnessed a profound historical moment as Queen Margaret, also known as Saint Margaret of Scotland, drew her final breath within its storied walls. Around 1130 CE, St Margaret's Chapel was erected within the castle's precincts as a tribute to her memory.

Edinburgh Castle History

Medieval turbulence

In 1296 CE, amid the throes of the First War of Scottish Independence, the castle fell under English control, a momentous shift in its fortunes. However, the pendulum swung back as the Scots recaptured their prized stronghold, only to witness its calculated demolition by the indomitable Robert the Bruce in 1314 CE.

David's Tower at Edinburgh Castle

Reconstruction and refortification

At the heart of this resurgence stood the awe-inspiring David's Tower. This tower, a testament to the enduring resilience of Edinburgh Castle, was a masterstroke of design and engineering. Constructed with meticulous precision, its towering presence signaled a commitment to fortifying the castle.

Prison inside Edinburgh Castle

The 'Black Dinner'

In the annals of Edinburgh Castle's history, 1440 CE marked a chilling chapter with the infamous 'Black Dinner.' This harrowing event unfolded within the fortress' stout walls as young Douglas earls were invited to dine with James II of Scotland, only to meet a tragic and gruesome fate at the hands of their host.

edinburgh castle history

Imprisonments

Moreover, the castle served as more than a site of dark feasts; it also became a place of captivity. In 1482 CE, James III of Scotland was imprisoned within its formidable confines, a pawn in the political machinations of disaffected nobles who sought to control the crown.

The Great Hall at the Edinburgh Castle

Architectural additions

Under the reign of James IV of Scotland around 1510 CE, the castle experienced a flourish of grandeur. James IV's visionary touch was exemplified by the construction of the Great Hall. This hall, a testament to the Renaissance spirit of the time, stood as a testament to the monarch's commitment to the castle's magnificence.

edinburgh castle history

Changing demands

In the late 16th century, as the warfare landscape shifted, the castle adapted to the changing demands of the age. The Half Moon Battery, a formidable addition to the castle's defenses, was conceived. This robust bastion enhanced the castle's fortifications and showcased its resilience in the face of evolving military strategies.

Edinburgh Castle's history

English occupation and sieges

In 1573 CE, the castle witnessed an English siege. The castle was eventually reclaimed. In 1341 CE, Edinburgh Castle changed hands during medieval warfare as an English force seized the stronghold before it returned to Scottish control. The most turbulent chapter was during the English Civil War in 1650 CE when Oliver Cromwell's forces laid siege to the castle.

Mons Meg cannon

Regalia discovery

In the 19th century, the castle's historical treasures came to light. In 1818 CE, Sir Walter Scott's rediscovery of the Scottish royal regalia within the castle's confines was a moment of profound significance. The castle's historical importance was further underscored as the Mons Meg cannon was reinstated in 1829 CE.

edinburgh castle history

Modernization

Modernization efforts left their imprints, with additions like the Governor’s House (1742 CE), New Barracks (1799 CE), and the Scottish National War Memorial (1927 CE), all reflecting its enduring role in the nation's heritage.

Construction of Edinburgh Castle

The construction of Edinburgh Castle spans centuries and involves various architects and builders. The castle's formidable appearance and enduring presence result from these efforts. It took about 120 years to complete the construction of the castle and several architects crafted the original design.

Edinburgh Castle today

Today, Edinburgh Castle is a symbol of Scotland's history and heritage. It welcomes visitors worldwide who admire its architecture, explore its historical exhibits, and take in breathtaking panoramic city views from its ramparts. The castle's enduring presence serves as a reminder of Scotland's past and its enduring cultural significance.




Book tickets to Edinburgh Castle

Edinburgh Castle Guided Walking Tour with Fast-Track Entry
Free cancellation
Instant confirmation
Mobile ticket
1 hr. 30 min.
Guided tour
More details
Edinburgh: Royal Attractions Tickets + 48-Hour Hop-On Hop-Off Bus Tour
Free cancellation
Instant confirmation
Mobile ticket
Flexible duration
Audio guide
More details
Walking Tour of Royal Mile with Optional Edinburgh Castle Tickets
Free cancellation
Mobile ticket
1 hr. 30 min. - 2 hr. 15 min.
Guided tour
More details
Edinburgh: Harry Potter Walking Tour with Edinburgh Castle Entry
Free cancellation
Instant confirmation
Mobile ticket
4 hr.
Guided tour
More details

Frequently Asked Questions about Edinburgh Castle's history

What is the historical significance of Edinburgh Castle?

Edinburgh Castle holds immense historical significance as a symbol of Scotland's history and has played a pivotal role in various historical events.

How old is the castle?

The earliest records of a fortification on Castle Rock date back to the 12th century.

How many years did it take to build the castle?

The construction of Edinburgh Castle spanned approximately 25 years.

What is the historical context in which the castle was created?

Edinburgh Castle was created in a historical context marked by medieval warfare, the First War of Scottish Independence, political power struggles, and the evolving architectural and military trends of the time.

Who built Edinburgh Castle?

King David I of Scotland built Edinburgh Castle.

What is the architectural style?

Edinburgh Castle features a mix of architectural styles, reflecting its long history of construction and renovation.

What events or incidents have shaped its history?

Several significant events have shaped the history of Edinburgh Castle, including English occupation during the First War of Scottish Independence (1296 CE), Robert the Bruce's strategic demolition (1314 CE), architectural enhancements, the 'Black Dinner' tragedy (1440 CE), royal imprisonments, English sieges, and the castle's role in the English Civil War (1650 CE).

How has Edinburgh Castle contributed to the city’s cultural heritage and history?

Edinburgh Castle is central to the city's cultural heritage, symbolizing Scotland's history and being a prominent tourist attraction.

What are some lesser-known historical facts or anecdotes about the castle?

One lesser-known historical fact about Edinburgh Castle is that it was a refuge for the British Crown Jewels, which were kept safe within its walls during World War II.

Are there guided tours explaining the castle's history?

Yes, there are guided tours explaining Edinburgh Castle's history. You'll be joined by a local expert guide who will entertain you and share captivating stories and fascinating facts during the tour.